Hi! My Boyfriend And I Had Sex 8 Days Ago.
Question: Hi! My boyfriend and I had sex 8 days ago. I’m going to be 100 percent honest. It was the 3rd day of my cycle. So, I had my period. He ejaculated inside me. I am on the pill but I have been on a new birth control pill for only a month. I just started the 2nd pack 4 days before we had sex. I think that’s more than enough time to be covered, right? I have a regular cycle of 28 days. But I’m 39. I’m worried my cycle could change. I know I have to ovulate in order to get pregnant. Is there anyway I could be pregnant with these circumstances? I want kids but not like this. And I’ve just been feeling off for a few days now, down there and in my stomach. I know it’s probably unlikely and to early for symptoms at that, but I’m nervous.
Hi! My boyfriend and I had sex 8 days ago. I’m going to be 100 percent honest. It was the 3rd day of my cycle. So, I had my period. He ejaculated inside me. I am on the pill but I have been on a new birth control pill for only a month. I just started the 2nd pack 4 days before we had sex. I think that’s more than enough time to be covered, right? I have a regular cycle of 28 days. But I’m 39. I’m worried my cycle could change. I know I have to ovulate in order to get pregnant. Is there anyway I could be pregnant with these circumstances? I want kids but not like this. And I’ve just been feeling off for a few days now, down there and in my stomach. I know it’s probably unlikely and to early for symptoms at that, but I’m nervous.
Brief Answer:
Pregnancy not likely
Detailed Answer:
Hello, I'm Dr. Branch,
Thanks for using 'Ask A Doctor' service.
Based on what you've described, I would consider the chances of you getting pregnant to be very low, less than 1%. As you might already know, normally you ovulate 14 days before your period begins, so for a regular 28-day cycle, you would normally ovulate on day 14, which would be much too far from day 3 to get pregnant.
Also, when starting new birth control, it is recommended to use another form of birth control for the first week, since it is possible to ovulate in the first week after starting oral contraceptives. But if you were also taking oral contraceptives before this, then you should be covered; I would need more information about that to be more clear.
Either way, even with only taking the pills for 4 days would make pregnancy less likely as well.
Also, pregnancy this early would not have any symptoms yet, so the things you are feeling would certainly not be from pregnancy.
I hope that helps, please let me know if you have any questions, I would be glad to discuss it with you further.
Pregnancy not likely
Detailed Answer:
Hello, I'm Dr. Branch,
Thanks for using 'Ask A Doctor' service.
Based on what you've described, I would consider the chances of you getting pregnant to be very low, less than 1%. As you might already know, normally you ovulate 14 days before your period begins, so for a regular 28-day cycle, you would normally ovulate on day 14, which would be much too far from day 3 to get pregnant.
Also, when starting new birth control, it is recommended to use another form of birth control for the first week, since it is possible to ovulate in the first week after starting oral contraceptives. But if you were also taking oral contraceptives before this, then you should be covered; I would need more information about that to be more clear.
Either way, even with only taking the pills for 4 days would make pregnancy less likely as well.
Also, pregnancy this early would not have any symptoms yet, so the things you are feeling would certainly not be from pregnancy.
I hope that helps, please let me know if you have any questions, I would be glad to discuss it with you further.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Arnab Banerjee
Brief Answer:
Pregnancy not likely
Detailed Answer:
Hello, I'm Dr. Branch,
Thanks for using 'Ask A Doctor' service.
Based on what you've described, I would consider the chances of you getting pregnant to be very low, less than 1%. As you might already know, normally you ovulate 14 days before your period begins, so for a regular 28-day cycle, you would normally ovulate on day 14, which would be much too far from day 3 to get pregnant.
Also, when starting new birth control, it is recommended to use another form of birth control for the first week, since it is possible to ovulate in the first week after starting oral contraceptives. But if you were also taking oral contraceptives before this, then you should be covered; I would need more information about that to be more clear.
Either way, even with only taking the pills for 4 days would make pregnancy less likely as well.
Also, pregnancy this early would not have any symptoms yet, so the things you are feeling would certainly not be from pregnancy.
I hope that helps, please let me know if you have any questions, I would be glad to discuss it with you further.
Pregnancy not likely
Detailed Answer:
Hello, I'm Dr. Branch,
Thanks for using 'Ask A Doctor' service.
Based on what you've described, I would consider the chances of you getting pregnant to be very low, less than 1%. As you might already know, normally you ovulate 14 days before your period begins, so for a regular 28-day cycle, you would normally ovulate on day 14, which would be much too far from day 3 to get pregnant.
Also, when starting new birth control, it is recommended to use another form of birth control for the first week, since it is possible to ovulate in the first week after starting oral contraceptives. But if you were also taking oral contraceptives before this, then you should be covered; I would need more information about that to be more clear.
Either way, even with only taking the pills for 4 days would make pregnancy less likely as well.
Also, pregnancy this early would not have any symptoms yet, so the things you are feeling would certainly not be from pregnancy.
I hope that helps, please let me know if you have any questions, I would be glad to discuss it with you further.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Arnab Banerjee
Hi. Yes, I was taking birth control before, but it was a different kind. I took this new pill for a month plus the last ten days. Thank you for your help.
Hi. Yes, I was taking birth control before, but it was a different kind. I took this new pill for a month plus the last ten days. Thank you for your help.
Brief Answer:
Your birth control should have been effective
Detailed Answer:
Yes, your birth control should have been fully effective in that case. It is very unlikely that you could get pregnant in this situation.
You're welcome, please let me know if I can help with anything in the future. Thank you for your question and take care.
Your birth control should have been effective
Detailed Answer:
Yes, your birth control should have been fully effective in that case. It is very unlikely that you could get pregnant in this situation.
You're welcome, please let me know if I can help with anything in the future. Thank you for your question and take care.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Nagamani Ng
Brief Answer:
Your birth control should have been effective
Detailed Answer:
Yes, your birth control should have been fully effective in that case. It is very unlikely that you could get pregnant in this situation.
You're welcome, please let me know if I can help with anything in the future. Thank you for your question and take care.
Your birth control should have been effective
Detailed Answer:
Yes, your birth control should have been fully effective in that case. It is very unlikely that you could get pregnant in this situation.
You're welcome, please let me know if I can help with anything in the future. Thank you for your question and take care.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Nagamani Ng
So, I completely screwed up. I understand that it is near to impossible to get pregnant from what we discussed. But I forgot to take my pill this last Sat. I usually take my pill at 11:10 everyday. I then forget to take it today until 4:30. So that’s days 11 and today is 12. Am I still protected by the pill? I took both pills at 4:30 when I noticed. I never forget. But I’m nervous because my boyfriend and I had sex Thurs. Day 9. While I took all the pills up until the last 2 days, should I be worried about pregnancy? He didn’t ejaculate inside me which helps. Still will I ovulate now since I skipped my pills those days? Should I worry?
So, I completely screwed up. I understand that it is near to impossible to get pregnant from what we discussed. But I forgot to take my pill this last Sat. I usually take my pill at 11:10 everyday. I then forget to take it today until 4:30. So that’s days 11 and today is 12. Am I still protected by the pill? I took both pills at 4:30 when I noticed. I never forget. But I’m nervous because my boyfriend and I had sex Thurs. Day 9. While I took all the pills up until the last 2 days, should I be worried about pregnancy? He didn’t ejaculate inside me which helps. Still will I ovulate now since I skipped my pills those days? Should I worry?
Brief Answer:
Very small chance
Detailed Answer:
There is a very small chance of ovulating when you don't take the pills regularly at the same time, but with this small of a gap, I doubt you could ovulate and I wouldn't worry about it.
Very small chance
Detailed Answer:
There is a very small chance of ovulating when you don't take the pills regularly at the same time, but with this small of a gap, I doubt you could ovulate and I wouldn't worry about it.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Raju A.T
Brief Answer:
Very small chance
Detailed Answer:
There is a very small chance of ovulating when you don't take the pills regularly at the same time, but with this small of a gap, I doubt you could ovulate and I wouldn't worry about it.
Very small chance
Detailed Answer:
There is a very small chance of ovulating when you don't take the pills regularly at the same time, but with this small of a gap, I doubt you could ovulate and I wouldn't worry about it.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Raju A.T
Thank you! Am I still covered then by the pill in the following days? Should I worry about ovulating now since it’s day 12? We had sex today but used a condom. Am I covered still with the pill even though I missed two days?
Thank you! Am I still covered then by the pill in the following days? Should I worry about ovulating now since it’s day 12? We had sex today but used a condom. Am I covered still with the pill even though I missed two days?
Brief Answer:
Clarification
Detailed Answer:
Wait, so did you miss a dose the whole day? So there was an approximately 53 hour gap between pills? Or were you just late the day you were supposed to take it (so that there was a 29 hour gap)?
Clarification
Detailed Answer:
Wait, so did you miss a dose the whole day? So there was an approximately 53 hour gap between pills? Or were you just late the day you were supposed to take it (so that there was a 29 hour gap)?
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Kampana
Brief Answer:
Clarification
Detailed Answer:
Wait, so did you miss a dose the whole day? So there was an approximately 53 hour gap between pills? Or were you just late the day you were supposed to take it (so that there was a 29 hour gap)?
Clarification
Detailed Answer:
Wait, so did you miss a dose the whole day? So there was an approximately 53 hour gap between pills? Or were you just late the day you were supposed to take it (so that there was a 29 hour gap)?
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Kampana
Hi. I took a pill on Friday at 11:10 then I forgot to take one until Sunday at 4:30. So yes, that would be 53 hours, right?
Hi. I took a pill on Friday at 11:10 then I forgot to take one until Sunday at 4:30. So yes, that would be 53 hours, right?
Brief Answer:
See below
Detailed Answer:
Ok, sorry, I misunderstood before. There is a little more concern that you could ovulate with this gap, however, it would be more concerning if it was the first week of your cycle. As you are in your 2nd week, there is less risk of ovulating, but I would still use back up contraception for the first 7 days after restarting the pills. This is just to be safe, it would still be very unlikely that you could ovulate and I wouldn't be concerned.
See below
Detailed Answer:
Ok, sorry, I misunderstood before. There is a little more concern that you could ovulate with this gap, however, it would be more concerning if it was the first week of your cycle. As you are in your 2nd week, there is less risk of ovulating, but I would still use back up contraception for the first 7 days after restarting the pills. This is just to be safe, it would still be very unlikely that you could ovulate and I wouldn't be concerned.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Kampana
Brief Answer:
See below
Detailed Answer:
Ok, sorry, I misunderstood before. There is a little more concern that you could ovulate with this gap, however, it would be more concerning if it was the first week of your cycle. As you are in your 2nd week, there is less risk of ovulating, but I would still use back up contraception for the first 7 days after restarting the pills. This is just to be safe, it would still be very unlikely that you could ovulate and I wouldn't be concerned.
See below
Detailed Answer:
Ok, sorry, I misunderstood before. There is a little more concern that you could ovulate with this gap, however, it would be more concerning if it was the first week of your cycle. As you are in your 2nd week, there is less risk of ovulating, but I would still use back up contraception for the first 7 days after restarting the pills. This is just to be safe, it would still be very unlikely that you could ovulate and I wouldn't be concerned.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Kampana
Thank you. We did use a condom yesterday so that helps, right? I a little concerned about the sex we had Thurs night. He did pull out but I had no idea at that point I would forget my pill. So how safe am I with those two instances?
Also, I took the two pills {Saturday} and {Sunday} at 4:30 pm. Do I take Monday’s pill at my regular time of 11:10? So that would be 3 pills in less than 24hrs or should I move the time to 4:30 and take my pill then?
Also, I took the two pills {Saturday} and {Sunday} at 4:30 pm. Do I take Monday’s pill at my regular time of 11:10? So that would be 3 pills in less than 24hrs or should I move the time to 4:30 and take my pill then?
Thank you. We did use a condom yesterday so that helps, right? I a little concerned about the sex we had Thurs night. He did pull out but I had no idea at that point I would forget my pill. So how safe am I with those two instances?
Also, I took the two pills {Saturday} and {Sunday} at 4:30 pm. Do I take Monday’s pill at my regular time of 11:10? So that would be 3 pills in less than 24hrs or should I move the time to 4:30 and take my pill then?
Also, I took the two pills {Saturday} and {Sunday} at 4:30 pm. Do I take Monday’s pill at my regular time of 11:10? So that would be 3 pills in less than 24hrs or should I move the time to 4:30 and take my pill then?
Brief Answer:
Still unlikely to get pregnant
Detailed Answer:
There is a possibility, but I would still say the chances are low, less than 5%. I would just resume your regular schedule with taking it at 11:10, or whatever time will be easiest for you to remember, and try to keep to that time.
Still unlikely to get pregnant
Detailed Answer:
There is a possibility, but I would still say the chances are low, less than 5%. I would just resume your regular schedule with taking it at 11:10, or whatever time will be easiest for you to remember, and try to keep to that time.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Nagamani Ng
Brief Answer:
Still unlikely to get pregnant
Detailed Answer:
There is a possibility, but I would still say the chances are low, less than 5%. I would just resume your regular schedule with taking it at 11:10, or whatever time will be easiest for you to remember, and try to keep to that time.
Still unlikely to get pregnant
Detailed Answer:
There is a possibility, but I would still say the chances are low, less than 5%. I would just resume your regular schedule with taking it at 11:10, or whatever time will be easiest for you to remember, and try to keep to that time.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Nagamani Ng
So yes, I was on my second week of my cycle. The first week starts with the old pack, right? I had only had 6 pills of my new pack. With the 7 days of placebo (I just skip them) the week before. Am I covered by the pills even though I only had six consecutive pills, since I had 7 days off?
So yes, I was on my second week of my cycle. The first week starts with the old pack, right? I had only had 6 pills of my new pack. With the 7 days of placebo (I just skip them) the week before. Am I covered by the pills even though I only had six consecutive pills, since I had 7 days off?
Brief Answer:
need a detailed info
Detailed Answer:
Hi,
I'm very confused by your last message, can you explain again? When did you first start birth control, when did you switch, and when did you last take the placebo pills (or do you take them)?
regards,
need a detailed info
Detailed Answer:
Hi,
I'm very confused by your last message, can you explain again? When did you first start birth control, when did you switch, and when did you last take the placebo pills (or do you take them)?
regards,
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Raju A.T
Brief Answer:
need a detailed info
Detailed Answer:
Hi,
I'm very confused by your last message, can you explain again? When did you first start birth control, when did you switch, and when did you last take the placebo pills (or do you take them)?
regards,
need a detailed info
Detailed Answer:
Hi,
I'm very confused by your last message, can you explain again? When did you first start birth control, when did you switch, and when did you last take the placebo pills (or do you take them)?
regards,
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Raju A.T
Hi. I have been on birth control for a year and a half. I have been on about 4 different kinds because I had fibroids and basically bled for about a year. I had the fibroids removed in Nov. I switched to the pills I have now in mid April.I started my pack on the Sunday after my period started. I completed one pack. And got my period that Tuesday of the placebo pills. {I just skip the placebo pills instead of taking them because my doctor said some people do this} I started a new pack that Sunday. I took 6 pills of the new pack then I forgot Saturday. Pill number 7. I then took pill number 7 and 8 on Sunday at 4:30 pm as soon as I realized. {This would be in Day 12 of my cycle} Today I took the pill at 11:10 the regular time.
I had sex: Thursday. Pill #5. Cycle Day #9 {he pulled out}
and also yesterday. Sunday. Pill #7 and 8. Cylcle Day #12 {we used a condom}
That’s all my info. Hope it’s less confusing and you are able to tell me where I stand. I really worried and I’m mad at myself for my stupidity.
Thanks for all your help and patience. My anxiety comes and goes ever since all my problems with my fibroids and I’m scared since I took these pills like this, that I’m going to bleed again and not be able to stop.
What is the likelihood that I could be pregnant?
I had sex: Thursday. Pill #5. Cycle Day #9 {he pulled out}
and also yesterday. Sunday. Pill #7 and 8. Cylcle Day #12 {we used a condom}
That’s all my info. Hope it’s less confusing and you are able to tell me where I stand. I really worried and I’m mad at myself for my stupidity.
Thanks for all your help and patience. My anxiety comes and goes ever since all my problems with my fibroids and I’m scared since I took these pills like this, that I’m going to bleed again and not be able to stop.
What is the likelihood that I could be pregnant?
Hi. I have been on birth control for a year and a half. I have been on about 4 different kinds because I had fibroids and basically bled for about a year. I had the fibroids removed in Nov. I switched to the pills I have now in mid April.I started my pack on the Sunday after my period started. I completed one pack. And got my period that Tuesday of the placebo pills. {I just skip the placebo pills instead of taking them because my doctor said some people do this} I started a new pack that Sunday. I took 6 pills of the new pack then I forgot Saturday. Pill number 7. I then took pill number 7 and 8 on Sunday at 4:30 pm as soon as I realized. {This would be in Day 12 of my cycle} Today I took the pill at 11:10 the regular time.
I had sex: Thursday. Pill #5. Cycle Day #9 {he pulled out}
and also yesterday. Sunday. Pill #7 and 8. Cylcle Day #12 {we used a condom}
That’s all my info. Hope it’s less confusing and you are able to tell me where I stand. I really worried and I’m mad at myself for my stupidity.
Thanks for all your help and patience. My anxiety comes and goes ever since all my problems with my fibroids and I’m scared since I took these pills like this, that I’m going to bleed again and not be able to stop.
What is the likelihood that I could be pregnant?
I had sex: Thursday. Pill #5. Cycle Day #9 {he pulled out}
and also yesterday. Sunday. Pill #7 and 8. Cylcle Day #12 {we used a condom}
That’s all my info. Hope it’s less confusing and you are able to tell me where I stand. I really worried and I’m mad at myself for my stupidity.
Thanks for all your help and patience. My anxiety comes and goes ever since all my problems with my fibroids and I’m scared since I took these pills like this, that I’m going to bleed again and not be able to stop.
What is the likelihood that I could be pregnant?
Brief Answer:
Another question
Detailed Answer:
So you said you got your period that Tuesday of the placebo pills, but you then said you skip the placebo pills? So you don't take the placebo pills, right? So when did you get your period? Did you get your period even while taking the birth control? Are you counting the days of your cycle based on the first day of your last period?
However, in either case, it sounds like you were probably covered by the birth control, and I would guess the chances of you getting pregnant from this are low certainly less than 5%, probably around 1%.
Another question
Detailed Answer:
So you said you got your period that Tuesday of the placebo pills, but you then said you skip the placebo pills? So you don't take the placebo pills, right? So when did you get your period? Did you get your period even while taking the birth control? Are you counting the days of your cycle based on the first day of your last period?
However, in either case, it sounds like you were probably covered by the birth control, and I would guess the chances of you getting pregnant from this are low certainly less than 5%, probably around 1%.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Nagamani Ng
Brief Answer:
Another question
Detailed Answer:
So you said you got your period that Tuesday of the placebo pills, but you then said you skip the placebo pills? So you don't take the placebo pills, right? So when did you get your period? Did you get your period even while taking the birth control? Are you counting the days of your cycle based on the first day of your last period?
However, in either case, it sounds like you were probably covered by the birth control, and I would guess the chances of you getting pregnant from this are low certainly less than 5%, probably around 1%.
Another question
Detailed Answer:
So you said you got your period that Tuesday of the placebo pills, but you then said you skip the placebo pills? So you don't take the placebo pills, right? So when did you get your period? Did you get your period even while taking the birth control? Are you counting the days of your cycle based on the first day of your last period?
However, in either case, it sounds like you were probably covered by the birth control, and I would guess the chances of you getting pregnant from this are low certainly less than 5%, probably around 1%.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Nagamani Ng
Hi. I got my period while on the 4th week of the pill. I stopped taking the active pills that Sunday and that Tuesday started my period. I resumed the active pills the very next Sunday when I started a new pack. I count my days from the first day of my last period so my first day would be that Tuesday, right?
Am I protected then? Do I have a chance of being pregnant?
I hoped this helped. I’ve had quite the Nausea since I took those two pills. Haven’t puked but feel like I could. Will this be over soon?
Am I protected then? Do I have a chance of being pregnant?
I hoped this helped. I’ve had quite the Nausea since I took those two pills. Haven’t puked but feel like I could. Will this be over soon?
Hi. I got my period while on the 4th week of the pill. I stopped taking the active pills that Sunday and that Tuesday started my period. I resumed the active pills the very next Sunday when I started a new pack. I count my days from the first day of my last period so my first day would be that Tuesday, right?
Am I protected then? Do I have a chance of being pregnant?
I hoped this helped. I’ve had quite the Nausea since I took those two pills. Haven’t puked but feel like I could. Will this be over soon?
Am I protected then? Do I have a chance of being pregnant?
I hoped this helped. I’ve had quite the Nausea since I took those two pills. Haven’t puked but feel like I could. Will this be over soon?
Brief Answer:
Yes it will pass soon
Detailed Answer:
Ok, I think I understand now, you take a week off but don't take the placebo (inactive) pills. In which case, the risk is still the same as I said early, not likely but there is a small chance of ovulating and getting pregnant.
Yes, it would be expected to have some nausea with taking the two pills, it should pass within a few days; it has already been 2 days I think, so I would expect it to pass soon.
Yes it will pass soon
Detailed Answer:
Ok, I think I understand now, you take a week off but don't take the placebo (inactive) pills. In which case, the risk is still the same as I said early, not likely but there is a small chance of ovulating and getting pregnant.
Yes, it would be expected to have some nausea with taking the two pills, it should pass within a few days; it has already been 2 days I think, so I would expect it to pass soon.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Yogesh D
Brief Answer:
Yes it will pass soon
Detailed Answer:
Ok, I think I understand now, you take a week off but don't take the placebo (inactive) pills. In which case, the risk is still the same as I said early, not likely but there is a small chance of ovulating and getting pregnant.
Yes, it would be expected to have some nausea with taking the two pills, it should pass within a few days; it has already been 2 days I think, so I would expect it to pass soon.
Yes it will pass soon
Detailed Answer:
Ok, I think I understand now, you take a week off but don't take the placebo (inactive) pills. In which case, the risk is still the same as I said early, not likely but there is a small chance of ovulating and getting pregnant.
Yes, it would be expected to have some nausea with taking the two pills, it should pass within a few days; it has already been 2 days I think, so I would expect it to pass soon.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Yogesh D
So your saying there is a chance I could be pregnant? Even with pulling out the first time and using a condom the 2nd time? I’m just so careful, that I can’t believe I could be this dumb. We want kids, it’s just not a good time at all.
So your saying there is a chance I could be pregnant? Even with pulling out the first time and using a condom the 2nd time? I’m just so careful, that I can’t believe I could be this dumb. We want kids, it’s just not a good time at all.
Brief Answer:
Very small chance
Detailed Answer:
Even with pulling out, it is possible for some sperm to come out, though the chances of getting pregnant are less than if he fully ejaculated. And with a gap in pills of over 48 hours, there is a chance of ovulating, but again, the chance is small. So while I can't say it would be impossible for you to get pregnant, I don't think you will, and the chances are very small.
Very small chance
Detailed Answer:
Even with pulling out, it is possible for some sperm to come out, though the chances of getting pregnant are less than if he fully ejaculated. And with a gap in pills of over 48 hours, there is a chance of ovulating, but again, the chance is small. So while I can't say it would be impossible for you to get pregnant, I don't think you will, and the chances are very small.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Nagamani Ng
Brief Answer:
Very small chance
Detailed Answer:
Even with pulling out, it is possible for some sperm to come out, though the chances of getting pregnant are less than if he fully ejaculated. And with a gap in pills of over 48 hours, there is a chance of ovulating, but again, the chance is small. So while I can't say it would be impossible for you to get pregnant, I don't think you will, and the chances are very small.
Very small chance
Detailed Answer:
Even with pulling out, it is possible for some sperm to come out, though the chances of getting pregnant are less than if he fully ejaculated. And with a gap in pills of over 48 hours, there is a chance of ovulating, but again, the chance is small. So while I can't say it would be impossible for you to get pregnant, I don't think you will, and the chances are very small.
Above answer was peer-reviewed by :
Dr. Nagamani Ng