Suggest Treatment For Random Headaches And Bulging Veins
Temporal arteritis unlikely.
Detailed Answer:
I read your question carefully and I understand your concern.
If it was temporal arteritis it is a major medical emergency and waiting to treat it with home remedies could have major consequences. However I do not think it to be your case and that is for one simple reason which is your age. Temporal arteritis generally happens at a much more advanced age, most cases are after the age of 65, very very rare to encounter it before the age of 50.
So I believe the headache to be much more probably in the setting of other more benign causes such as migraine or tension type headache. However more info is necessary to judge such as time of onset, frequency, duration of the episodes, character of the headache (throbbing, pressing etc), triggering factors etc.
As for what type of doctor to see, the medical specialty dealing with headaches is neurology, so you should either start from your primary physician and let him guide you or if you want to go straight to a specialist definitively to a neurologist.
I remain at your disposal for other questions.
Read below.
Detailed Answer:
Thank you for the additional information.
The good thing about that description is that serious conditions such as a tumor or stroke are unlikely with that pattern of pain. Migraine is unlikely as well given the short duration of the episodes (by definition migraine attacks last more than 4 hours).
One possible diagnosis might be paroxysmal hemicrania, which does manifest with similar attacks. You do not describe one of its features though, eye redness and tearing. However not all forms are typical so if no other cause is found a trial of Indomethacine is advised, as it offers dramatic benefit (unlike with other painkillers) and would confirm the diagnosis.
Another possibility as you yourself suggest is an issue of the dental system, more specifically dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint (the joint between the mandible and the skull). It can lead to pain in the area spreading also to the temples. The pain is relieved temporarily by over the counter painkillers like Ibuprofen.
So you should see your primary practitioner to check for other signs of temporomandibular joint dysfunction and also possibly some routine blood tests for inflammatory changes (which would also definitely exclude temporal arteritis).
I hope to have been of help.